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INDIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM

India education system can be traced back to around 5000 BC when the Gurukul system of education was responsible for imparting education in India. The mode of teaching at that time was Sanskrit. With changing times and modern equipment, Education in India experienced a drastic change. The current education system in India emphasizes qualities like confidence, good practices, sympathy and imagination. It is a complete blend of culture, history and human values. India is a democratic country guided by the principle of the constitution. Article 21A provide free and compulsory education of all children in the age group of 6 to 14 as a Fundamental Right in such a manner as the State may, by law determine. The Parliament enacted the right to education Act of 2009. Under this act, free and compulsory education is ensured for every child between 3 to 18. India has always paid special attention to the education sector.

Stages of Current Education System in India

Pre School-stage- This is a stage where a child joins a kindergarten when the child is of 3-8 years of age. This stage will include play or activity-based learning and the improvement of language abilities. It is crucial as the child 50% brain develops at this stage only.

School stage- A child enters a school at the age of 8 or 9 years and remains there till the age of 18, starting from nursery class till class 12. At this stage a child gets an opportunity to learn lots of subjects. By that time he develops an interest in them which help him to pursue his higher education.

Higher Education stage- After completing school a student enters into a college or university at the age 18-19 years. In India, a student first acquires graduate degrees in horticulture, designing, pharmaceutics and innovation generally requires 4 years to finish. Law, medication and engineering can require as long as 5 years. After graduation a person applies for a post-graduation degree from a recognized university.

Doctoral stage- This is the last stage in Education in India. After completing post-graduation, a student who wishes to study further applies for PH.D and Doctoral courses. It is the highest education qualification that a person can acquire in India. After successfully completing this stage, a student is conferred with the prestigious title of a “Doctor (DR)”.

Impact on Education in India

It aims at achieving a 100% gross enrollment ratio in school education by 2030.

A new higher education governing body will be established the Higher Education Commission of India. It will work to improve and innovate India teaching and learning system.

The new education policy further aims at making all higher education institution multidisciplinary by 2040. This means students can take up any course of their interest and skills.

An undergraduate student will have multiple exit options. A college will provide a degree to student after completing one year of study. However, this is applicable only on diplomas and not on degree courses.

Now schooling age will be 3 rather than 6. This will aid student to complete their schooling early and save their year from wastage.

Conclusion

India has an openly supported education and development sector, the third biggest on the planet, close to the United States and China. The Current Education System in India is theory-oriented than job-oriented. It focuses more on theory and exams. With the new education policy 2020 there has been a drastic change in the education system in India because of the new National Education Policy (NEP), the division of stages have been made to conform to the mental development that a youngster experience typically. It has become more vibrant and skill-oriented. The literacy ratio of India for adults is 69.3%. By 2030, India higher education system is expected to have more than 20 universities among the global top 200 universities. 

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GST - Complete info about Goods & Services Tax in India

Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a multi-stage tax system that is comprehensive in nature and applies to the sale of goods and services. The main aim of this taxation system is to curb the cascading effect of other indirect taxes, and it is applicable throughout India

History of GST (Goods and Services Tax)

On 1 July 2017, the Goods and Services Tax implemented in India. Given below is the history of how GST came into effect:

  • In 2000Atal Bihari Vajpayee, then Prime Minister of India, set up a committee to draft the GST law.
  • In 2004, a task force concluded that the new tax structure should be put in place to enhance the tax regime at the time.
  • In 2006, Finance Minister proposed the introduction of GST from 1 April 2010 and
  • In 2011 the Constitution Amendment Bill was passed to enable the introduction of the GST law.
  • In 2012, the Standing Committee started discussions about GST, and tabled its report on GST a year later.
  • In 2014, the new Finance Minister at the time, Arun Jaitley, reintroduced the GST bill in Parliament and passed the bill in Lok Sabha in 2015. Yet, the implementation of the law was delayed as it was not passed in Rajya Sabha.
  • GST went live in 2016, and the amended model GST law was passed in both the houses. The President of India also gave assent.

In 2017, 4 supplementary GST Bills in Lok Sabha was passed and the Cabinet approved the same. Rajya Sabha then passed 4 supplementary GST Bills and the new tax regime was implemented on 1 July 2017.

The following central taxes have been replaced by GST:

  • Service tax
  • Central excise duties
  • Additional duties of excise
  • Additional duty of customs
  • Duties of excise
  • Cess and surcharge

The state taxes subsumed by GST are as follows:

  • Entry tax
  • Luxury tax
  • Central sales tax
  • Purchase tax
  • State VAT
  • Entertainment tax
  • State cess and surcharges
  • Taxes on advertisements
  • Taxes on gambling and lottery

Different Types of GST

There are four different components of GST such as CGSTSGSTIGST, and UTGST.

  1. CGST: Central Goods and Services Tax (CGST) is charged on the intra-state supply of products and services.
  2. SGST: State Goods and Services Tax (SGST) like CGST, is charged on the sale of products or services within a state.
  3. IGST: Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST) is charged on inter-state transactions of products and services.
  4. UTGST: Union Territory Goods and Services Tax is levied on the supply of products and services in any of the Union Territories in the country, viz. Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Lakshadweep, and Chandigarh. UTGST is levied along with CGST.

 

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What is MS EXCEL

In the last several versions the new features in MS Excel have mostly been cosmetic in nature, but in version 2007 there are many new things. There have been many improvements in apprearance, but Microsoft has in this version also introduced many functional improvements.

Ribbon and Tabs in MS EXCEL

Like the other applications in the Office package, MS Excel has also gotten a new and smarter look. The first thing that catches the eye is that the traditional menu bars and toolbars have been replaced by the new Ribbon. The Ribbon contains Tabs, and each Tab contains buttons for various functions that were previously located int eh menus and toolbars. The Ribbon is far more visual and task-oriented and adapts constantly to the activity you are engaged in. If you have been accustomed to working with menus and toolbars for many ears, it takes a while to get used to the Ribbon, but I mus admit that after some time I have been really pleased with the new system. It appears more coherent, and it is not as messy as the toolbars sometimes tend to be.

Large Workspace

It has always been possible to make large spreadsheets in Excel. In previous versions you could have 65,536 Rows, and 256 Columns. this made for pretty large spreadsheets, but you have better sit down for this: In Excel 2007, you have up to 10,48,576 rows and 16384 columns.

More Colors in MS EXCEL

It previous versions you had only a few colors to choose from when you had to put background colour in the cells. Now you can choose between 16 Million different colors. You can also create colour transitions inside the cells. It gives you unprecedented opportunities to create worksheets that look nice and inviting.

Color Themes and Styles

Now you can use predefined colour themes in MS Excel. this feature is known from Word and Power Point, where the programs help you format your entire document, so everything appears smooth and harmonious. this is also possible in Excel now. If you make charts, they will automatically be consistent with the colour theme that is selected.

Improved Conditional Formatting

The Conditional Formatting functions has been significantly improved. there are more opportunities for highlighting of, for example, Top 10 and it is possible to colour the cells according to cell value.

More and Better Looking Charts

Excel 2007 has no new basic hart types, but there are now more variations of existing ones. Formatting has been improved, and you can, for example, add soft shadows behind your columns, which gives a nice effect. If you do not choose the colors in a chart yourself, the colors in the spreadsheet color theme will be automatically applied, so everything appears harmoniously.

New File Format

Excel uses a new file format which is not compatible with earlier versions. If you have worked with the program before, you will know that the file name ends in Xls. In Excel 2007 the file name ends with “.Xlsx” . For the technically minded, I can reveal that it is an XML based format, which gives smaller file sizes and better opportunities for integration with other programs. You can still save your spreadsheets in the old format, but be aware that some functionality may be lost.

Where can I find the Old Buttons

If you are familiar with older versions of Excel, you will probable have trouble finding some of the old features. This is obviously because the menu bar and toolbars have been replaced with the “Ribbon”. It might be a little confusing, but I’ll try to list the main functions, so you can find them quickly. ew, Ope, Save, Save As and Close are located in the Office Button at the top left. The Save feature is also available as standard in the Quick Access Toolbar, located just to the right of the Office Button. Preview is also available in the Office Button under menu item Print.

The Drawing toolbar no longer exists. It has been replaced by the Shapes and Smart Art buttons under the Insert tab in the Ribbon.

The Insert symbol is also located in the Ribbon under the Insert tab. this button is simply called Symbol. Normal view and Page Break preview are there as small buttons at the bottom right corner of the screen.

The Insert functions have been replaced by the Formulas Tab in the ribbon. this is a clear improvement, but if you prefer the old dialog box, you can get it by clicking of FX on the formula bar.

First Look at Excel

 

The Screen and its Elements

When you start Excel, you will automatically start in a new, blank workbook

Workbooks and Spreadsheets

and ordinary Excel file is called a “Workbook” and can contain different things. The most important thing is that it can contain worksheets, but it may also contain chart sheets and sheets and small programs that you can do yourself. the most important thing is to be aware that an Excel file is not necessarily just a spreadsheet but a workbook that can contain many spreadsheets and charts.

 

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